| Residential | Single-family builds, custom villas, multi-family blocks, remodels, conversions and interior fit-out. | Finishes priced room by room against the schedule; demolition and making-good as their own lines on remodels | Averaged finishes, missing demolition, waste factors applied inconsistently between trades, and tight urban sites priced as if access were free. |
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| Commercial | Ground-up commercial, tenant improvement, retail rollouts, pre-engineered metal buildings and light industrial shells. | General conditions against the real programme, the structural package, and where MEP responsibility starts and stops | General conditions under-run on long programmes, PEMB scope counted twice, and design-intent MEP priced as though it were coordinated. |
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| Industrial | Manufacturing facilities, process piping, plant structural steel, equipment setting and heavy MEP distribution. | Piping by specification and service, steel connections priced apart from tonnage, and live-plant productivity | Piping aggregated across specs, connection labour buried inside a tonnage rate, and shutdown or live-plant productivity losses left out. |
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| Civil & Sitework | Land clearing, excavation, cut and fill, wet and dry utilities, roadway, concrete flatwork and asphalt paving. | Earthwork volumes with swell and shrink, the haul distance, and how unsuitable material is treated | Swell and shrink ignored, haul distance assumed, unsuitable material absorbed into the excavation rate, and dewatering missed on high-water-table sites. |
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